Blar i forfatter "Fournier, Agnès"

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    • Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research cancer prevention recommendations and risk of in situ breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort 

      Karavasiloglou, Nena; Hüsing, Anika; Masala, Giovanna; van Gils, Carla H.; Fortner, Renée Turzanski; Chang-Claude, Jenny; Huybrechts, Inge; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Gunter, Marc; Arveux, Patrick; Fournier, Agnès; Kvaskoff, Marina; Tjønneland, Anne; Kyrø, Cecilie; Dahm, Christina C.; Vistisen, Helene Tilma; Bakker, Marije F.; Sánchez, María-José; Chirlaque López, María Dolores; Santiuste, Carmen; Ardanaz, Eva; Menéndez, Virginia; Agudo, Antonio; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Karakatsani, Anna; La Vecchia, Carlo; Peppa, Eleni; Palli, Domenico; Agnoli, Claudia; Panico, Salvatore; Tumino, Rosario; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Butt, Salma Tunå; Borgquist, Signe; Skeie, Guri; Schulze, Matthias; Key, Timothy; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Ellingjord-Dale, Merete; Riboli, Elio; Kaaks, Rudolf; Dossus, Laure; Rohrmann, Sabine; Kühn, Tilman (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2019-12-02)
      <i>Background</i> - Even though in situ breast cancer (BCIS) accounts for a large proportion of the breast cancers diagnosed, few studies have investigated potential risk factors for BCIS. Their results suggest that some established risk factors for invasive breast cancer have a similar impact on BCIS risk, but large population-based studies on lifestyle factors and BCIS risk are lacking. Thus, ...

    • Adipokines and inflammation markers and risk of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: The EPIC study 

      Dossus, Laure; Franceschi, Silvia; Biessy, Carine; Navionis, Anne-Sophie; Travis, Ruth C.; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Scalbert, Augustin; Romieu, Isabelle; Tjønneland, Anne; Olsen, Anja; Overvad, Kim; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Bonnet, Fabrice; Fournier, Agnès; Fortner, Renée Turzanski; Kaaks, Rudolf; Aleksandrova, Krasimira; Trichopoulou, Antonia; La Vecchia, Carlo; Peppa, Eleni; Tumino, Rosario; Panico, Salavatore; Palli, Domenico; Agnoli, Claudia; Vineis, Paolo; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Hendrik Bastiaan; Peeters, Petra H.; Skeie, Guri; Zamora-Ros, Raul; Chirlaque, María-Dolores; Ardanaz, Eva; Sánchez, Maria-Jose; Quirós, Jose Ramón; Dorronsoro, Miren; Sandström, Maria; Nilsson, Lena Maria; Schmidt, Julie A.; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Aune, Dagfinn; Riboli, Elio; Rinaldi, Sabina (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2017-11-23)
      Other than the influence of ionizing radiation and benign thyroid disease, little is known about the risk factors for differentiated thyroid cancer (TC) which is an increasing common cancer worldwide. Consistent evidence shows that body mass is positively associated with TC risk. As excess weight is a state of chronic inflammation, we investigated the relationship between concentrations of leptin, ...

    • Association between physical activity and risk of hepatobiliary cancers: A multinational cohort study 

      Baumeister, Sebastian E.; Schlesinger, Sabrina; Aleksandrova, Krasimira; Jochem, Carmen; Jenab, Mazda; Gunter, Marc J.; Overvad, Kim; Tjønneland, Anne; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Carbonnel, Franck; Fournier, Agnès; Kühn, Tilman; Kaaks, Rudolf; Pischon, Tobias; Boeing, Heiner; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Bamia, Christina; La Vecchia, Carlo; Masala, Giovanna; Panico, Salvatore; Fasanelli, Francesca; Tumino, Rosario; Grioni, Sara; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Hendrik Bastiaan; Vermeulen, Roel; May, Anne M.; Borch, Kristin Benjaminsen; Oyeyemi, Sunday Oluwafemi; Ardanaz, Eva; Rodríguez-Barranco, Miguel; Chirlaque López, María Dolores; Felez-Nobrega, Mireia; Sonestedt, Emily; Ohlsson, Bodil; Hemmingsson, Oskar; Werner, Mårten; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Ferrari, Pietro; Stepien, Magdalena; Freisling, Heinz; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Ward, Heather; Riboli, Elio; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Leitzmann, Michael F. (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2018-12-22)
      <i>Background & Aims</i> - To date, evidence on the association between physical activity and risk of hepatobiliary cancers has been inconclusive. We examined this association in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort (EPIC).<p><p> <i>Methods</i> - We identified 275 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases, 93 intrahepatic bile duct cancers (IHBCs), and 164 non-gallbladder ...

    • Circulating inflammatory biomarkers, adipokines and breast cancer risk—a case-control study nested within the EPIC cohort 

      Cairat, Manon; Rinaldi, Sabina; Navionis, Anne-Sophie; Romieu, Isabelle; Biessy, Carine; Viallon, Vivian; Olsen, Anja; Tjønneland, Anne; Fournier, Agnès; Severi, Gianluca; Kvaskoff, Marina; Fortner, Renée T.; Kaaks, Rudolf; Aleksandrova, Krasimira; Schulze, Matthias B.; Masala, Giovanna; Tumino, Rosario; Sieri, Sabina; Grasso, Chiara; Mattiello, Amalia; Gram, Inger Torhild; Olsen, Karina Standahl; Agudo, Antonio; Etxezarreta, Pilar Amiano; Sánchez, Maria-Jose; Santiuste, Carmen; Barricarte, Aurelio; Monninkhof, Evelyn; Hiensch, Anouk E.; Muller, David; Merritt, Melissa A.; Travis, Ruth C.; Gunter, Marc J.; Dossus, Laure; Weiderpass, Elisabete (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2022-04-18)
      Background: Infammation has been hypothesized to play a role in the development and progression of breast can‑ cer and might diferently impact breast cancer risk among pre and postmenopausal women. We performed a nested case-control study to examine whether pre-diagnostic circulating concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, c-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and 6 ...

    • Consumption of Fish and Long-chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Large European Cohort 

      Aglago, Elom Kouassivi; Huybrechts, Inge; Murphy, Neil; Casagrande, Corinne; Nicolas, Geneviève; Pischon, Tobias; Fedirko, Veronika; Severi, Gianluca; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Fournier, Agnès; Katzke, Verena Andrea; Kühn, Tilman; Olsen, Anja; Tjønneland, Anne; Dahm, Christina C.; Overvad, Kim; Lasheras, Cristina; Agudo, Antonio; Sanchez, Maria-Jose; Amiano, Pilar; Huerta, Jose Maria; Ardanaz, Eva; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Karakatsani, Anna; Martimianaki, Georgia; Bueno-De-Mesquita, Bas; May, Anne; Derksen, Jeroen W.G.; Hellstrand, Sophie; Ohlsson, Bodil; Wennberg, Maria; Van Guelpen, Bethany; Skeie, Guri; Brustad, Magritt; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Cross, Amanda J.; Ward, Heather; Riboli, Elio; Norat, Teresa; Chajes, Veronique; Gunter, Marc J. (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2019-06-25)
      Background & Aims - There is an unclear association between intake of fish and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) and colorectal cancer (CRC). We examined the association between fish consumption, dietary and circulating levels of n-3 LC-PUFAs, and ratio of n-6:n-3 LC-PUFA with CRC using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. ...

    • Development and validation of circulating CA125 prediction models in postmenopausal women 

      Sasamoto, Naoko; Babic, Ana; Rosner, Bernard A.; Fortner, Renée T.; Vitonis, Allison F; Yamamoto, Hidemi; Fichorova, Raina N.; Titus, Linda J.; Tjønneland, Anne; Hansen, Louise; Kvaskoff, Marina; Fournier, Agnès; Mancini, Francesca Romana; Boeing, Heiner; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Peppa, Eleni; Karakatsani, Anna; Palli, Domenico; Grioni, Sara; Mattiello, Amalia; Tumino, Rosario; Fiano, Valentina; Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Gram, Inger Torhild; Quirós, José Ramón; Lujan-Barroso, Leila; Sánchez, María-José; Colorado-Yohar, Sandra; Barricarte, Aurelio; Amiano, Pilar; Idahl, Annika; Lundin, Eva; Sartor, Hanna; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Key, Timothy J.; Muller, David; Riboli, Elio; Gunter, Marc; Dossus, Laure; Trabert, Britton; Wentzensen, Nicolas; Kaaks, Rudolf; Cramer, Daniel W.; Tworoger, Shelley S.; Terry, Kathryn L. (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2019-11-26)
      <i>Background</i> - Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125) is currently the best available ovarian cancer screening biomarker. However, CA125 has been limited by low sensitivity and specificity in part due to normal variation between individuals. Personal characteristics that influence CA125 could be used to improve its performance as screening biomarker.<p><p> <i>Methods</i> - We developed and validated ...

    • Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and breast cancer risk in 9 European countries 

      Matta, Michèle; Huybrechts, Inge; Biessy, Carine; Casagrande, Corinne; Yammine, Sahar; Fournier, Agnès; Olsen, Karina Standahl; Lukic, Marco; Gram, Inger Torhild; Ardanaz, Eva; Sánchez, Maria-José; Dossus, Laure; Fortner, Renée T.; Srour, Bernard; Jannasch, Franziska; Schulze, Matthias B.; Amiano, Pilar; Agudo, Antonio; Colorado-Yohar, Sandra; Guirós, J. Ramón; Tumino, Rosario; Panico, Salvatore; Masala, Giovanna; Pala, Valeria; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Tjønneland, Anne; Olsen, Anja; Dahm, Christina C.; Rosendahl, Ann H.; Borgquist, Signe; Wennberg, Maria; Heath, Alicia K.; Aune, Dagfinn; Schmidt, Julie; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Chajes, Veronique; Gunter, Marc J.; Murphy, Neil (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2021-03-30)
      Background - Trans fatty acids (TFAs) have been hypothesised to influence breast cancer risk. However, relatively few prospective studies have examined this relationship, and well-powered analyses according to hormone receptor-defined molecular subtypes, menopausal status, and body size have rarely been conducted.<p> <p>Methods - In the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ...

    • Endogenous Circulating Sex Hormone Concentrations and Colon Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women: a Prospective Study and Meta-Analysis 

      Mori, Nagisa; Keski-Rahkonen, Pekka; Gicquiau, Audrey; Rinaldi, Sabina; Dimou, Niki; Harlid, Sophia; Harbs, Justin; Van Guelpen, Bethany; Aune, Dagfinn; Cross, Amanda J.; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Severi, Gianluca; Kvaskoff, Marina; Fournier, Agnès; Kaaks, Rudolf; Fortner, Renée Turzanski; Schulze, Matthias B.; Jakszyn, Paula; Sánchez, Maria-José; Colorado-Yohar, Sandra M.; Ardanaz, Eva; Travis, Ruth; Watts, Eleanor L.; Masala, Giovanna; Krogh, Vittorio; Tumino, Rosario; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Panico, Salvatore; Buenode-Mesquita, bas; Gram, Inger Torhild; Waaseth, Marit; Gunter, Marc J.; Murphy, Neil (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2021-09-28)
      Background - Observational studies have consistently reported that postmenopausal hormone therapy use is associated with lower colon cancer risk, but epidemiologic studies examining the associations between circulating concentrations of endogenous estrogens and colorectal cancer have reported inconsistent results.<p> <p>Methods - We investigated the associations between circulating concentrations ...

    • Exogenous hormone use and cutaneous melanoma risk in women: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition 

      Cervenka, Iris; Al Rahmoun, Marie; Mahamat-Saleh, Yahya; Fournier, Agnès; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Severi, Gianluca; Caini, Saverio; Palli, Domenico; Ghiasvand, Reza; Veierød, Marit Bragelien; Botteri, Edoardo; Tjønneland, Anne; Olsen, Anja; Fortner, Renée T.; Kaaks, Rudolf; Schulze, Matthias B.; Panico, Salvatore; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Dessinioti, Clio; Niforou, Katerina; Sieri, Sabina; Tumino, Rosario; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Hendrik Bastiaan; Sandanger, Torkjel M; Colorado-Yohar, Sandra; Sánchez, María-José; Gil Majuelo, Leire; Lujan-Barroso, Leila; Ardanaz, Eva; Merino, Susana; Isaksson, Karolin; Butt, Salma; Ljuslinder, Ingrid; Jansson, Malin; Travis, Ruth C.; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Dossus, Laure; Rinaldi, Sabina; Kvaskoff, Marina (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2019-09-10)
      Evidence suggests an influence of sex hormones on cutaneous melanoma risk, but epidemiologic findings are conflicting. We examined the associations between use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and melanoma risk in women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). EPIC is a prospective cohort study initiated in 1992 in 10 ...

    • Menstrual factors, reproductive history, hormone use, and urothelial carcinoma risk: A prospective study in the EPIC cohort 

      Lujan-Barroso, Leila; Botteri, Edoardo; Caini, Saverio; Ljungberg, Börje; Roswall, Nina; Tjønneland, Anne; Bueno-De-Mesquita, Bas; Gram, Inger Torhild; Tumino, Rosario; Kiemeney, Lambertus A.; Liedberg, Fredrik; Stocks, Tanja; Gunter, Marc; Murphy, Neil; Cervenka, Iris; Fournier, Agnès; Kvaskoff, Marina; Häggström, Christel; Overvad, Kim; Lund, Eiliv; Waaseth, Marit; Fortner, Renée T.; Kühn, Tilman; Menéndez, Virginia; Sánchez, María-José; Santiuste, Carmen; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Zamora-Ros, Raul; Cross, Amanda J.; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Karakatsani, Anna; Peppa, Eleni; Palli, Domenico; Krogh, Vittorio; Sciannameo, Veronica; Mattiello, Amalia; Panico, Salvatore; van Gils, Carla H.; Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte; Barricarte, Aurelio; Amiano, Pilar; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Boeing, Heiner; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Duell, Eric J. (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2020-05-28)
      <p>Background: Urothelial carcinoma is the predominant (95%) bladder cancer subtype in industrialized nations. Animal and epidemiologic human studies suggest that hormonal factors may influence urothelial carcinoma risk. <p>Methods: We used an analytic cohort of 333,919 women from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Cohort. Associations between hormonal factors and ...

    • Ovarian cancer risk factors by tumor aggressiveness: An analysis from the Ovarian Cancer Cohort Consortium 

      Fortner, Renée T.; Poole, Elizabeth M.; Wentzensen, Nicolas A.; Trabert, Britton; White, Emily; Arslan, Alan A.; Patel, Alpa V.; Setiawan, V. Wendy; Visvanathan, Kala; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Adami, Hans Olov; Black, Amanda; Bernstein, Leslie; Brinton, Louise A.; Buring, Julie; Clendenen, Tess V.; Fournier, Agnès; Fraser, Gary; Gapstur, Susan M.; Gaudet, Mia M.; Giles, Graham G.; Gram, Inger Torhild; Hartge, Patricia; Hoffman-Bolton, Judith; Idahl, Annika; Kaaks, Rudolf; Kirsh, Victoria A.; Knutsen, Synnøve; Koh, Woon-Puay; Lacey, James V.; Lee, I-Min; Lundin, Eva; Merritt, Melissa A.; Milne, Roger L.; Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte; Peters, Ulrike; Poynter, Jenny N.; Rinaldi, Sabina; Robien, Kim; Rohan, Thomas; Sánchez, María-José; Schairer, Catherine; Schouten, Leo J.; Tjønneland, Anne; Townsend, Mary K.; Travis, Ruth C.; Trichopoulou, Antonia; van den Brandt, Piet A.; Vineis, Paolo; Wilkens, Lynne; Wolk, Alicja; Yang, Hannah P.; Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, Anne; Tworoger, Shelley S. (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2018-12-18)

    • Prospective analysis of circulating metabolites and breast cancer in EPIC 

      His, Mathilde; Viallon, Vivian; Dossus, Laure; Gicquiau, Audrey; Achaintre, David; Scalbert, Augustin; Ferrari, Pietro; Romieu, Isabelle; Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Dahm, Christina C.; Overvad, Kim; Olsen, Anja; Tjønneland, Anne; Fournier, Agnès; Rothwell, Joseph A.; Severi, Gianluca; Kühn, Tilman; Fortner, Renée Turzanski; Boeing, Heiner; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Karakatsani, Anna; Martimianaki, Georgia; Masala, Giovanna; Sieri, Sabina; Tumino, Rosario; Vineis, Paolo; Panico, Salvatore; van Gils, Carla H.; Nøst, Therese Haugdahl; Sandanger, Torkjel M; Skeie, Guri; Quirós, José Ramón; Agudo, Antonio; Sánchez, María-José; Amiano, Pilar; Huerta, José María; Ardanaz, Eva; Schmidt, Julie A.; Travis, Ruth C.; Riboli, Elio; Tsilidis, Konstantinos K.; Christakoudi, Sofia; Gunter, Mark J.; Rinaldi, Sabina (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2019-09-24)
      <i>Background</i> - Metabolomics is a promising molecular tool to identify novel etiologic pathways leading to cancer. Using a targeted approach, we prospectively investigated the associations between metabolite concentrations in plasma and breast cancer risk.<p> <p><i>Methods</i> - A nested case-control study was established within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer cohort, which ...

    • Receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand, osteoprotegerin, and risk of death following a breast cancer diagnosis: results from the EPIC cohort 

      Sarink, Danja; Schock, Helena; Johnson, Theron; Chang-Claude, Jenny; Overvad, Kim; Olsen, Anja; Tjønneland, Anne; Arveux, Patrick; Fournier, Agnès; Kvaskoff, Marina; Boeing, Heiner; Karakatsani, Anna; Trichopoulou, Antonia; La Vecchia, Carlo; Masala, Giovanna; Agnoli, Claudia; Panico, Salvatore; Tumino, Rosario; Sacerdote, Carlotta; van Gils, Carla H.; Peeters, Petra H.M.; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Agudo, Antonio; Rodríguez-Barranco, Miguel; Huerta, José María; Ardanaz, Eva; Gil, Leire; Kaw, Kay Tee; Schmidt, Julie A.; Dossus, Laure; His, Mathilde; Aune, Dagfinn; Riboli, Elio; Kaaks, Rudolf; Fortner, Renée T. (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2018-10-22)
      <b>Background</b><br> Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK)-signaling is involved in tumor growth and spread in experimental models. Binding of RANK ligand (RANKL) to RANK activates signaling, which is inhibited by osteoprotegerin (OPG). We have previously shown that circulating soluble RANKL (sRANKL) and OPG are associated with breast cancer risk. Here we extend these findings to ...

    • Risk prediction for estrogen receptor-specific breast cancers in two large prospective cohorts 

      Li, Kuanrong; Anderson, Garnet; Viallon, Vivian; Arveux, Patrick; Kvaskoff, Marina; Fournier, Agnès; Krogh, Vittorio; Tumino, Rosario; Sánchez, María-José; Ardanaz, Eva; Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores; Agudo, Antonio; Muller, David C.; Smith, Todd; Tzoulaki, Ioanna; Key, Timothy J.; Bueno-de-Mesquita, Hendrik Bastiaan; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Bamia, Christina; Orfanos, Philippos; Kaaks, Rudolf; Hüsing, Anika; Fortner, Renée T.; Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, Anne; Sund, Malin; Dahm, Christina C; Overvad, Kim; Aune, Dagfinn; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Romieu, Isabelle; Riboli, Elio; Gunter, Marc J.; Dossus, Laure; Prentice, Ross; Ferrari, Pietro (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2018-12-03)
      <p><i>Background</i>: Few published breast cancer (BC) risk prediction models consider the heterogeneity of predictor variables between estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) and negative (ER-) tumors. Using data from two large cohorts, we examined whether modeling this heterogeneity could improve prediction.</p> <p><i>Methods</i>: We built two models, for ER+ (Model<sub>ER+</sub>) and ER- tumors ...

    • Serologic markers of Chlamydia trachomatis and other sexually transmitted infections and subsequent ovarian cancer risk: Results from the EPIC cohort 

      Idahl, Annika; Le Cornet, Charlotte; González Maldonado, Sandra; Waterboer, Tim; Bender, Noemi; Tjønneland, Anne; Hansen, Louise; Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Fournier, Agnès; Kvaskoff, Marina; Boeing, Heiner; Trichopoulou, Antonia; Valanou, Elissavet; Peppa, Eleni; Palli, Domenico; Agnoli, Claudia; Mattiello, Amalia; Tumino, Rosaria; Sacerdote, Carlotta; Onland-Moret, N. Charlotte; Gram, Inger Torhild; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Quirós, J. Ramón; Duell, Eric J.; Sánchez, Maria-Jose; Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores; Barricarte, Aurelio; Gil, Leire; Brändstedt, Jenny; Riesbeck, Kristian; Lundin, Eva; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Perez-Cornago, Aurora; Gunter, Marc; Dossus, Laure; Kaaks, Rudolf; Fortner, Renée T. (Journal article; Tidsskriftartikkel; Peer reviewed, 2020-04-03)
      A substantial proportion of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) arises in the fallopian tube and other epithelia of the upper genital tract; these epithelia may incur damage and neoplastic transformation after sexually transmitted infections (STI) and pelvic inflammatory disease. We investigated the hypothesis that past STI infection, particularly Chlamydia trachomatis, is associated with higher EOC ...